![]() 1 A year later, the first norms of international humanitarian law explicitly addressing the issue of environmental protection during armed conflict came into being: these were the two provisions-Articles 35(3) and 55-that had been included for that particular purpose in Protocol I of 8 June 1977 additional to the Geneva Conventions (AP I). This eventually led to the adoption of the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques of 1976 (the ENMOD Convention). The first time the issue became a major concern was during the war in Vietnam. The international effort to better protect the natural environment during armed conflict can be roughly divided into three phases. These threats may take a variety of forms, among them: Armed conflicts have always been a threat to the natural environment and thereby also to the survival and well-being of those who depend on it for their livelihood, during the conflict and long thereafter.
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